Education System & Quality

MoE launches PM-SHRI school upgradation & expands DIKSHA/SWAYAM digital learning portals across 1.48M schools

National Education Policy (NEP 2020) approved by Cabinet, replacing 10+2 system with 5+3+3+4 pedagogical structure

Samagra Shiksha Abhiyan launched, integrating Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA), RMSA, and Teacher Education schemes

Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education (RTE) Act 2009 comes into force under Article 21A

Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA) launched to universalize elementary education across 1.48 million public schools

National Policy on Education (NPE 1986) adopted to modernize vocational & technical higher education

42nd Constitutional Amendment moves education from State List to Concurrent List for joint Central-State governance

Kothari Education Commission recommends uniform 10+2 pattern and public education budget target of 6.0% GDP

English Education Act passed by British Colonial Administration making English formal medium of instruction

Presidency College (formerly Hindu College) established in Kolkata as Asia's first Western-style higher education institute